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過去形 - 英文法を覚えよう

【過去形とはなにか?】

過去形は、過去に起こった出来事や行動を表現するための文法形式です。つまり、過去に行われたことや過去の状態を述べるときに使います。英語では、動詞の形が過去形に変化することで表現されます。

例文:
I played soccer yesterday.(私は昨日サッカーをした。)
She studied English last night.(彼女は昨夜英語を勉強した。)

このように、過去形は過去の時間に関連しており、過去の出来事や状態を伝えるために重要な役割を果たしています。

続いて、過去形の具体的な使い方を項目ごとに解説します。

【be動詞の過去形】

be動詞(am, is, are)の過去形は以下のようになります。

am → was
is → was
are → were

例文:
I was tired yesterday.(昨日は疲れていました。)
She was happy at the party.(彼女はパーティーで嬉しかったです。)
They were my best friends.(彼らは私の親友でした。)

be動詞の過去形は、過去の時間における状態や特定の状況を表現するために使用されます。

【一般動詞の過去形】

■ 規則的に変化する規則動詞

一般動詞の過去形は、ほとんどの動詞では「動詞の原形+ed」の形で作られます。

例文:
I walked to school this morning.(今朝、学校まで歩きました。)
He played basketball with his friends.(彼は友達とバスケットボールをしました。)
We watched a movie last night.(私たちは昨夜映画を観ました。)

規則動詞の過去形は、過去の出来事や行動を表現するときに頻繁に使用されます。

■ 不規則に変化する不規則動詞

一部の動詞は、規則的な変化パターンに従わず、不規則な形で過去形が変化します。これらの不規則動詞は個別に覚える必要があります。

例文:
I ate breakfast this morning.(今朝、朝食を食べました。)
She ran in the race and won.(彼女はレースで走って勝ちました。)
They saw a beautiful rainbow yesterday.(彼らは昨日、美しい虹を見ました。)

不規則動詞の過去形は慣れが必要ですが、よく使われるものなので覚える価値があります。

【助動詞を使った過去形】

助動詞を使って過去形を作ることもあります。

例文:
He could swim when he was five years old.(彼は5歳のときに泳げました。)
We should have arrived earlier.(もっと早く到着すべきでした。)

助動詞を使った過去形は、能力、許可、推量などの意味を表現するために使われます。

【couldを使った過去形】
couldは「できた」という意味を持つ過去形の助動詞です。過去の能力や許可、丁寧な依頼などを表現するのに使われます。

例文:
When I was young, I could climb trees easily.(子供のころは、簡単に木に登れたものです。)
Could I borrow your pencil, please?(えんぴつ、お借りしてもよろしいですか?)

couldを使った過去形は、過去の能力や過去の状況に関する表現に役立ちます。

【mightを使った過去形】

mightは「かもしれない」という意味を持つ過去形の助動詞です。過去の推量や可能性を表現するのに使われます。

例文:
It might have rained while we were out.(外出している間に雨が降ったかもしれません。)
I thought I might have left my keys at home.(家に鍵を置き忘れたかもしれないと思いました。)

mightを使った過去形は、過去の推量や不確実性を示すのに役立ちます。

【should+have+過去分詞】

should+have+過去分詞は、過去の行動に対する後悔や過去の義務を表現するために使われます。

例文:
I should have studied harder for the test.(テストのためにもっと一生懸命勉強すべきだった。)
She should have listened to her parents' advice.(彼女は両親のアドバイスを聞くべきだった。)

should+have+過去分詞は、過去の行動への後悔や過去の義務を強調する際に使用されます。

【had to】

had toは「しなければならなかった」という意味を持つ表現です。過去の義務や強制を表現するのに使われます。

例文:
I had to finish my homework before going out.(外出する前に宿題を終わらせなければなりませんでした。)
They had to wake up early for the morning practice.(彼らは朝の練習のために早く起きなければなりませんでした。)

had toは、過去の義務や強制に関連する状況を表現するのに役立ちます。

【過去形の疑問文】

過去形の疑問文を作るには、文の順序を変えてbe動詞や助動詞を主語の前に置いて使用します。以下にその方法を詳しく説明します。

【be動詞の過去形の疑問文】

be動詞の過去形の疑問文では、be動詞を疑問詞や助動詞と組み合わせて使います。

例文:
Were you tired yesterday?(昨日、疲れていましたか?)
Was she happy at the party?(彼女はパーティーで幸せでしたか?)

疑問詞を使いたい場合には、疑問詞+be動詞を使います。

例文:
What was he doing at that time?(その時、彼は何をしていましたか?)
Where were they last night?(彼らは昨夜、どこにいましたか?)

【一般動詞の過去形の疑問文】

一般動詞の過去形の疑問文では、助動詞「did」を使用します。動詞の原形を用いて文を作ります。

例文:
Did you watch the movie last night?(昨夜、その映画を見ましたか?)
Did they play soccer after school?(彼らは放課後にサッカーをしましたか?)

疑問詞を使いたい場合には、疑問詞+didを使います。

例文:
Where did you go on your vacation?(休暇中にどこへ行きましたか?)
What did they eat for dinner?(彼らは夕食に何を食べましたか?)

【助動詞を使った過去形の疑問文】

助動詞を使った過去形の疑問文では、助動詞を文の先頭に置いて文を作ります。

例文:
Could you swim when you were five years old?(5歳のときに泳げましたか?)
Should I have called you earlier?(もっと早くあなたに電話をすべきでしたか?)

疑問詞を使いたい場合には、疑問詞+助動詞を使います。

例文:
How could he solve the problem?(彼はどのようにしてその問題を解決したのですか?)
Why should we trust him?(なぜ私たちは彼を信じる必要があるのですか?)
中学1年生中学2年生中学3年生
文の成り立ち文の要素人称代名詞指示代名詞不定代名詞名詞と名詞句名詞の複数形冠詞be動詞一般動詞の現在形一般動詞の3単現助動詞のcan助動詞のmust助動詞のmay疑問詞のHow疑問詞のWhat疑問詞のWhere疑問詞のwhen疑問詞のWhich疑問詞のWho疑問詞のWhy形容詞副詞前置詞間投詞と感嘆文命令文Let’s接続詞There is過去形現在進行形過去進行形未来形再帰代名詞文型受動態
フォニックス
フォニックス発音練習【1】 短母音(A、E、I、O、U)、子音(B,K,D,F,G,H,J,L,M,N,P,Qu,R,S,T,V,W,X,Y,Z,softC,hardC,softG,hardG)
フォニックス発音練習【2】母音ペア(AI、AY、EI、IE、EA、EE、OA、OW、UE,UI、OI、OY、OU、OO、AU、AW)、Rが付いた母音(AR、ER、IR、UR、OR、ORE、EAR、AIR、ARE)、子音ダイヤグラフ(CH、SH、TH、CK、WH、GH、PH)、サイレントE
フォニックス発音練習【3】 子音ブレンド(BL,CL,FL,GL,PL,BR,CR,DR,FR,GR,PR,TR,SC,SK,SM,SN,SP,ST,SW,SQU,SCR,SPL,SPR,STR,THR)
中学英単語
人称代名詞【1】 I, my, me, mine, you, your, you, yours, he, his, him, his, she, her, her, hers, it, its, it, we, our, us, ours, they, their, them, theirs
代名詞【2】 this, these, that, those, myself, yourself, himself, herself, ourselves, everybody, somebody, nobody, everyone, someone, anyone, none, everything, something, anything, nothing, each, other, another, all, both
be動詞・助動詞・疑問詞【3】 be, am, are, is, was, were, do, dose, did, can, cannot, could, will, would, may, might, must, shall, should, have to, who, whose, whom, what, which, when, where, why, how, how many, how much, how old
冠詞・間投詞・接続詞・省略形【4】 be, am, are, is, was, were, do, dose, did, can, cannot, could, will, would, may, might, must, shall, should, have to, who, whose, whom, what, which, when, where, why, how, how many, how much, how old
前置詞【5】 about, above, across, after, against, along, around, as, at, before, behind, below, beside, between, among, by, down, during, except, for, from, in, to, into, of, on, onto, minus, near, outside, over, since, than, through, toward, under, until, up, upon, with, without
名詞(数)【6】 zero, one, two, three, four, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty, thirty, forty, fifty, sixty, seventy, eighty, ninety, hundred, thousand, million
名詞(曜日・月・Ac-Af)【7】 Sunday, Monday, Tuesday, Wednesday, Thursday, Friday, Saturday, January, February, March, April, May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, accident, acid rain, action, active volcano, activity, actor, actress, address, adult, advantage, adventure, advice, affection, Africa, afternoon
名詞(Ag-Ba)【8】 age, air, air conditioner, air pollution, airport, album, ambulance, America, American, amusement park, ancestor, anchor, animal, animation, ant, apple, architect, area, arm, art, artist, arts and crafts, Asia, assistance, astronaut, athlete, atomic bomb, attack, attention, aunt, Australia, autumn, baby, back
名詞(Ba-Bo)【9】 backyard, badge, bag, ball, balloon, ballpark, bank, barrier, baseball, basketball, bath, bathroom, bazaar, beach, bear, beauty, bed, beginner, beginning, Beijing, belief, bicycle, bike, biotechnology, bird, birthday, blanket, blood, blossom, board, boat, body, bomb
名詞(Bo-Ca)【10】 book, border, bottle, bottom, box, boy, boycott, braille, branch, Brazil, bread, breakfast, breath, breeze, bridge, British, broadcasting, brother, brotherhood, buffet, building, burger, bus, business, button, cafeteria, cage, cake, calligraphy, camera, campaign, Canada, cancer
名詞(Ca-Ch)【11】 candy, cap, capital, captain, car, card, care, carpenter, carrot, carton, cartoon, case, cat, cattle, cause, cave, CD, ceiling, cell, cent, center, centimeter, century, cereal, chain, chair, championship, chance, character, charity, chart, chemical, cherry
名詞(Ch-Co)【12】 chicken, child, children, China, Chinese, chopsticks, chorus, Christmas, church, city, class, classmate, classroom, clerk, clock, cloth, clothes, cloud, club, coffee, collection, college, color, comic, communication, company, computer, concert, conclusion, condominium, conductor, conference, connection
名詞(Co-De)【13】 convenience, conversation, cook, cooperation, corner, costume, country, countryside, couple, courage, course, cousin, cow, crane, creativity, creature, crop, cuisine, culture, cup, curry, curtain, custom, cut, dance, dancer, danger, date, daughter, day, deadline, death, decision
名詞(De-Do)【14】 deer, degree, democracy, demonstration, dentist, desert, desk, despair, detective, developing country, diary, dictionary, difference, difficulty, dignity, dinner, dinosaur, director, disaster, discussion, disease, display, distance, diver, doctor, dog, doll, dollar, dolphin, dome, door, doorbell, dot
名詞(Dr-Ev)【15】 drama, dream, dress, driver, drum, e-mail, e-pal, ear, earth, earthquake, east, echo, egg, Egypt, electricity, elephant, emergency, end, endangered animals, energy, engine, engineer, England, entrance, envelope, environment, episode, equality, era, eraser, Europe, evacuation, evening
名詞(Ex-Fi)【16】 examination, example, exchange, exhibition, exit, experience, expression, eye, eyesight, face, facility, fact, factory, fall, family, farewell, farm, farmer, fate, father, fault, favor, feeling, feet, fellow, fence, festival, fever, fiction, field, fine arts, finger, fire, firework
名詞(Fi-Ge)【17】 fish, fitting room, flag, flame, flight, floor, flower, flute, folk, food, football, foreigner, forest, fossil fuel, fountain, fox, frame, France, French fries, fridge, friend, friendship, frog, front, fruit, fun, future, game, garbage, garden, gas, gate, gentleman
名詞(Ge-Ha)【18】 German, Germany, gesture, gift, girl, glass, global warming, goal, God, gold, goodness, goose, gorilla, government, grade, grandchild, grandfather, grandmother, grass, grassland, green, greenhouse gases, greeting, ground, group, guest, guide, guitar, gull, habit, habitat, hair, Halloween
名詞(Ha-Ho)【19】 hamburger, hand, handkerchief, handle, harm, harvest, hat, hay fever, head, headache, health, heart, heat, heritage, hero, highland, hill, hint, history, hobby, hole, holiday, home, home economics, homepage, homestay, homework, honey, honor, horizon, horse, hospital, host
名詞(Ho-Ju)【20】 hotel, hour, house, humor, hunger, husband, idea, impact, importance, impossible, impression, India, Indian, influence, information, ink, insect, inspiration, instrument, interest, internet, interview, island, jam, Japan, Japanese, jellyfish, job, journey, joy, juice, jungle, justice
名詞(Ke-Li)【21】 key, kilometer, kind, kindness, king, kingdom, kitchen, kite, knee, knife, knowledge, koala, Korea, lady, lake, land, landmine, language, lavatory, law, lawyer, leader, leaf, leaves, left, leg, lesson, letter, library, life, lives, light, line
名詞(Li-Me)【22】 lion, liquid, locker, London, loss, lot, lullaby, lunch, machine, magic, man, men, manner, mansion, map, market, mask, master, match, mathematics, math, matter, meal, meaning, measure, meat, medal, medicine, meeting, member, memorial, memory
名詞(Me-Mt)【23】 mess, message, meter, Mexico, midnight, mile, milk, minister, minute, mirror, Miss, mistake, model, mom, moment, money, monkey, monster, monument, moon, moral education, morning, mother, motto, mountain, mouse, mouth, movement, movie, Mr., Mrs., Ms., Mt.
名詞(Mu-Nu)【24】 museum, music, musical, musician, nail, name, nap, nation, nature, neck, needle, neighbor, neighborhood, nephew, nest, net, New York, New Zealand, news, newspaper, nickname, niece, night, Nobel Peace Prize, noise, noon, north, northeast, nose, notebook, notice, number, nun
名詞(Nu-Pa)【25】 nurse, obstacle, occupation, ocean, octopus, office, officer, oil, opera, operator, opinion, orange, orchestra, order, organ, outside, oxygen, ozone, page, pain, paint, painter, painting, pair, paper, pardon, parent, park, parking, part, partner, party, passport
名詞(Pe-Pl)【26】 PE, peace, peel, pen, pencil, people, period, permission, person, pet, pharmacist, phone, photo, photographer, phrase, piano, picnic, picture, piece, pig, pillar, pilot, pink, pity, place, plan, plane, planet, plant, plastic, plate, player, playground
名詞(Pl-Qu)【27】 pleasure, pocket, poem, poet, point, poison, police, pollution, pool, population, post, poster, pot, potato, power, present, presentation, pressure, price, priest, principal, priority, problem, program, project, promise, pumpkin, purple, purpose, pyramid, queen, question, quiz
名詞(Ra-Ri)【28】 rabbit, race, racket, radio, rain, rainbow, rainforest, ramp, rat, ray, reason, recess, recipe, rectangle, recycling, refugee, relationship, relay, report, reporter, reproach, research, resource, rest, restaurant, restroom, rhythm, rice, rice cake, rider, right, ring, risk
名詞(Ri-Sh)【29】 river, road, rock, rocket, roof, room, rose, rule, ruler, sadness, safety, sale, salesclerk, salmon, salt, sanctuary, sand, scene, school, science, scientist, scissors, sculpture, sea, season, seat, secondhand store, secret, section, seed, sentence, service, shade
名詞(Sh-So)【30】 shape, sheep, sheet, shelf, ship, shirt, shoes, shop, shopping, shot, shoulder, shrine, side, sightseeing, sign, silver, singer, sister, site, situation, size, skill, skin, sky, slave, slum, smoke, snow, soccer, socks, social studies, softball, soldier
名詞(So-St)【31】 solution, son, song, sound, soup, south, souvenir, space, spaceship, Spain, speaker, specialist, speech, spoon, sport, spring, square, stadium, stairs, stamp, stapler, star, starvation, station, statue, stay, step, stick, stomach, stomachache, stone, store, storm
名詞(St-Te)【32】 story, stranger, street, string, struggle, student, style, subject, suburb, subway, success, summer, sun, sunrise, sunset, surface, survey, sweater, sword, symbol, system, T-shirt, table, tag, tail, task, tea, teacher, teacup, team, tear, telephone, telescope
名詞(Te-To)【33】 television, temper, temperature, temple, tennis, test, textbook, Thanksgiving Day, theater, theme, thief, thing, thought, ticket, tiger, time, tissue, toast, today, toe, toilet, tomato, tomorrow, ton, tongue, tonight, tooth, teeth, toothache, top, tower, town, toy
名詞(Tr-Un)【34】 track, track and field, trade, tradition, traffic, tragedy, train, trap, trash, travel, tray, treasure, tree, triangle, trick, trip, trouble, truck, trust, truth, tube, turkey, turn, turtle, TV, U.K., umbrella, United Nations, uncle, unicycle, uniform, United States, unity
名詞(Un-We)【35】 universal design, university, use, vacation, value, variety, vegetable, vending machine, vet, victim, video, video game, view, village, violin, visit, visitor, voice, volcano, volleyball, volume, volunteer, vulture, waitress, wall, wallet, war, water, waterfall, way, weapon, weather, weather forecast
名詞(We-Zo)【36】 web, week, weekend, well, west, whale, wheel, wheelchair, wife, wind, windmill, window, wine, wing, winner, winter, wish, witch, wolf, woman, wood, word, work, worker, world, World Heritage Site, yacht, year, yellow, yen, yesterday, zebra, zoo
形容詞(順序を表す言葉)【37】 first, second, third, fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth, ninth, tenth, eleventh, twelfth, thirteenth, fourteenth, fifteenth, sixteenth, seventeenth, eighteenth, nineteenth, twentieth, thirtieth, fortieth, fiftieth, sixtieth, seventieth, eightieth, ninetieth, hundredth, thousandth, millionth
形容詞(Ab-Ce)【38】 able, active, adult, afraid, all, American, ancient, angry, another, any, artificial, asleep, atomic, awesome, bad, ill, worse, worst, bare, basic, beautiful, big, black, blind, blue, bored, boring, born, both, breathtaking, bright, British, brown, busy, careful, centigrade, certain
形容詞(Ch-Dr)【39】 cheap, cheerful, chemical, Chinese, civil, clean, clever, close, cloudy, cold, colorful, comfortable, commercial, common, compulsory, conceited, confused, convenient, cool, correct, creative, crowded, cute, daily, dangerous, dark, dead, deaf, dear, deep, delicious, depressed, different, difficult, dirty, disabled, disappointed, dry
形容詞(Dy-Fr)【40】 dying, each, easy, economic, efficient, elderly, elegant, elementary, else, embarrassed, empty, equal, even, every, exact, excited, exciting, expensive, fair, faithful, famous, far, fast, favorite, few, fine, fit, fond, foolish, foreign, former, foster, free, fresh, friendly, frightened, frustrated
形容詞(Fu-La)【41】 full, funny, German, glad, global, good, well, better, best, great, greedy, half, happy, hard, healthy, heavy, high, honest, hot, huge, human, hungry, important, impossible, Indian, industrial, injured, integrated, intense, interested, interesting, international, itchy, Japanese, junior, kind, large
形容詞(La-No)【42】 last, late, light, little, less, least, living, long, loud, lucky, major, many, much, more, most, master, meaningful, medium, memorial, mighty, military, minor, miserable, modern, musical, narrow, national, natural, naughty, necessary, neither, nervous, new, next, nice, noble
形容詞(No-Re)【43】 noisy, northeast, northern, nuclear, official, old, only, open, opposite, optimistic, ordinary, original, other, outside, own, pale, paralyzed, particular, peaceful, perfect, plastic, pleasant, polite, political, poor, popular, positive, possible, present, pretty, proud, public, quiet, rainy, ready, real, red
形容詞(Re-St)【44】 regular, relaxed, responsible, rich, ridiculous, right, round, sacred, sad, safe, same, scary, selfish, senior, serious, several, short, shy, sick, silent, silly, similar, simple, sleepy, slow, small, smart, smooth, snowy, sociable, soft, some, sore, sorry, sour, special, stiff, straight
形容詞(St-Yo)【45】 strange, strong, stupid, such, sunny, sure, sweet, tall, terrible, thirsty, tired, tourist, traditional, true, unbelievable, unclean, underground, unequal, unhappy, useful, usual, vast, virtual, warm, weak, welcome, western, white, whole, wide, wild, willing, windy, wonderful, worth, wrong, young
動詞(Ac-Br)【46】 act, add, admire, advertise, agree, allow, amaze, answer, appear, arrest, arrive, ask, assist, attack, bark, bear, become, became, begin, began, begun, believe, belong, blame, blow, blew, boil, border, borrow, bother, break, broke, broken
動詞(Br-Co)【47】 bring, brought, broaden, brush, build, built, bump, burn, bury, buy, bought, call, campaign, care, carry, catch, caught, cause, celebrate, change, chew, choose, chose, clean, climb, close, collect, come, came, communicate, compare, complain, contact
動詞(Co-Ea)【48】 continue, control, cook, cost, cough, count, cover, create, cross, cry, decide, decorate, decrease, develop, die, disagree, disappear, discover, displace, display, do, does, did, done, draw, drew, dream, drink, drank, drunk, drive, drop, dump, earn
動詞(Ea-Fu)【49】 eat, ate, eaten, elect, enjoy, enter, excuse, expect, explain, explode, export, fail, fall, fell, fascinate, fasten, feel, felt, fight, fought, fill, find, found, finish, float, fly, flew, fold, follow, forget, forgot, forgive, fulfill
動詞(Ga-Hu)【50】 gather, get, got, give, gave, given, go, went, gone, graduate, grow, grew, guess, guide, handle, hang, happen, harm, hate, have, has, had, heal, hear, heard, help, hide, hit, hold, held, hope, hurry, hurt
動詞(Im-Le)【51】 imagine, increase, injure, inspire, insult, interest, introduce, invent, investigate, invite, join, judge, jump, keep, kill, knit, knock, know, knew, known, land, last, laugh, launch, lay, laid, lead, led, learn, leave, lend, lent
動詞(Li-Pa)【52】 lie, lay, lain, lied, lift, like, listen, live, locate, look, lose, make, made, marry, master, mean, meant, meet, met, mind, miss, move, need, nod, offer, open, order, overcome, paint, park, participate, pass, pay, peel
動詞(Pi-Re)【53】 pick, plan, plant, play, please, poison, pollute, post, practice, prefer, prepare, present, print, produce, protect, provide, publish, pull, punish, push, put, rain, raise, reach, react, read, realize, rebuild, receive, recognize, recycle, reduce, refresh
動詞(Re-So)【54】 reject, relay, release, remain, remember, remind, remove, report, represent, reproach, rescue, research, respect, respond, return, reuse, ride, rode, ridden, rise, run, ran, run, save, say, said, scare, scold, search, see, saw, seen, seem, sell, sold
動詞(Se-St)【55】 send, sent, separate, sew, shake, sheet, shine, shoot, shop, shout, show, shut, sing, sang, sung, sit, sat, ski, sleep, smell, smile, smoke, snow, solve, sort, sound, speak, spoke, spoken, spell, spend, stand, start, starve, stay
動詞(St-Tr)【56】 sting, stop, strive, struggle, study, succeed, suffer, support, suppose, surf, surprise, surround, survive, swallow, swim, swam, swum, take, took, taken, talk, teach, taught, tease, tell, told, thank, think, throw, threw, thrown, touch, travel, treat
動詞(Tr-Ya)【57】 trust, try, turn, uncover, understand, understood, use, visit, wait, wake, woke, woken, walk, want, wash, waste, watch, weaken, wear, weigh, whisper, whistle, win, won, wish, wonder, work, worry, wrap, wrestle, write, wrote, written, yacht
副詞(A.-Fi)【58】 a.m., about, abroad, again, ago, almost, alone, aloud, already, also, always, anytime, anywhere, away, back, best, better, carefully, certainly, cheerfully, clearly, closely, definitely, downstairs, early, easily, either, else, enough, especially, even, ever, everywhere, fast, finally
副詞(Fl-Ra)【59】 fluently, forever, forward, happily, here, incredibly, instead, just, later, long, maybe, more, most, never, no, northeast, not, now, o’clock, off, often, OK, once, out, outside, over, p.m., perhaps, please, precisely, quickly, quietly, quite, rather
副詞(Re-Ye)【60】 ready, really, right, round, sadly, sincerely, slowly, so, someday, somehow, sometimes, soon, still, straight, strongly, suddenly, sure, then, there, tightly, together, tomorrow, tonight, too, truly, unfairly, up, usually, very, well, worst, yes, yesterday, yet